The riverine metropolis: turning outward to the world, absorbing and transforming influences. These are sites of inhabitation, exchange and pilgrimage.
The cave sanctuary: a site for turning within to reach beyond. Ascetics directing the gaze inward to discover the larger meaning of the world. The Barabar caves date from the 4th to 2nd centuries BCE and are the oldest surviving example of rock-cut architecture in the Indian subcontinent.